🐍 Python Programming

1. Python ni nini? / What is Python?

Kuanzia mwanzo — Starting from scratch

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: Python ni lugha ya programming maarufu duniani. Ilianzishwa na Guido van Rossum mwaka 1991. Python inajulikana kwa urahisi wake — syntax yake ni rahisi kusoma na kuandika, inafanana na Kiingereza cha kawaida.

🇬🇧 English: Python is one of the most popular programming languages in the world. Created by Guido van Rossum in 1991, Python is known for its simplicity — its syntax is easy to read and write, similar to plain English.

Kwa nini Python? / Why Python?

• ✅ Rahisi kujifunza — inafaa kwa wanaoanza
• ✅ Inatumika sana — web development, data science, AI, automation, desktop apps
• ✅ Free na open source
• ✅ Community kubwa — msaada mwingi mtandaoni
• ✅ Ina libraries nyingi — code iliyotengenezwa tayari

# Hii ndio Python code yako ya kwanza!
print("Hello, World!")
print("Karibu kwenye Python!")

2. Kuweka Python / Installing Python

Pata Python kwenye computer yako

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: Kabla ya kuanza kuandika Python, unahitaji kuiweka kwenye computer yako.

Hatua / Steps

1. Nenda kwenye python.org na upakuwe Python toleo la mwisho
2. Endesha installer
3. Muhimu: Tiki "Add Python to PATH" kabla ya kubonyeza Install
4. Bonyeza "Install Now" na subiri ikamilike

Kuhakikisha Python imewekwa, fungua Command Prompt (Windows) au Terminal (Mac/Linux) na uandike:

python --version

Ukiona kitu kama Python 3.12.0, basi Python imewekwa vizuri.

3. Variables na Data Types

Kuhifadhi taarifa kwenye kumbukumbu — Storing data in memory

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: Variable ni kama sanduku lenye jina unaloweka data. Unaweza kubadilisha yaliyomo kwenye sanduku wakati wowote.

🇬🇧 English: A variable is like a named box where you store data. You can change its content anytime.

Kutengeneza Variables / Creating Variables

# Python inaelewa aina ya data moja kwa moja
jina = "Juma"          # String (maneno)
umri = 25              # Integer (namba kamili)
urefu = 1.75           # Float (namba yenye desimali)
ni_mwanafunzi = True   # Boolean (True/False)

print(jina)
print(umri)
print(urefu)
print(ni_mwanafunzi)

Aina za Data / Data Types

• str — String (maneno, k.m. "Hello")
• int — Integer (namba kamili, k.m. 25)
• float — Float (namba yenye desimali, k.m. 3.14)
• bool — Boolean (True au False)
• list — Orodha (k.m. [1, 2, 3])
• dict — Dictionary (k.m. {"jina": "Juma"})

4. Strings (Nyuzi za Maandishi)

Kufanya kazi na maneno na sentensi

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: String ni mfuatano wa herufi. Unaweza kutumia single quotes ('...') au double quotes ("...").

Shughuli za Strings / String Operations

# Kutengeneza strings
jina = "Juma"
salutation = 'Habari yako?'

# Kuunganisha strings (concatenation)
kamili = jina + "! " + salutation
print(kamili)  # Juma! Habari yako?

# String interpolation (f-string)
umri = 25
habari = f"Jina langu ni {jina}, nina umri wa miaka {umri}"
print(habari)

# String methods
text = "   Python ni nzuri!   "
print(text.upper())        # PYTHON NI NZURI!
print(text.lower())        # python ni nzuri!
print(text.strip())        # inaondoa spaces mwanzoni na mwishoni
print(len(text))           # urefu wa string (herufi ngapi)
print(text.replace("nzuri", "razuri"))  # Kubadilisha maneno

5. Numbers na Operations

Hesabu kwenye Python

Aina za Namba / Number Types

• int — namba kamili (1, 100, -5, 0)
• float — namba yenye desimali (3.14, 2.5, -0.5)
• complex — namba changamano (1+2j) — advanced

Shughuli za Kihisabati

# Operations za msingi
a = 10
b = 3

print(a + b)   # 13  (jumla)
print(a - b)   # 7   (toa)
print(a * b)   # 30  (zidisha)
print(a / b)   # 3.333... (gawanya)
print(a // b)  # 3   (gawanya, toa desimali)
print(a % b)   # 1   (baki ya mgawanyiko / modulus)
print(a ** b)  # 1000 (nguvu / exponent)

# Rounding
pi = 3.14159
print(round(pi, 2))  # 3.14

6. Lists (Orodha)

Kuhifadhi vitu vingi kwenye variable moja

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: List ni mkusanyo wa vitu vilivyopangwa kwa mpangilio. Vitu vinaweza kuwa za aina tofauti.

# Kutengeneza list
majina = ["Juma", "Aisha", "Baraka", "Zainabu"]
namba = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mchanganyiko = ["Juma", 25, True, 3.14]

# Kupata kitu kwenye list (index inaanza 0)
print(majina[0])   # Juma
print(majina[2])   # Baraka
print(majina[-1])  # Zainabu (ya mwisho)

# Kubadilisha kitu
majina[1] = "Mwanahamisi"
print(majina)  # ["Juma", "Mwanahamisi", "Baraka", "Zainabu"]

# Kuongeza na kuondoa
majina.append("Halima")    # Ongeza mwishoni
majina.insert(1, "Suleiman")  # Ongeza kwenye index 1
majina.remove("Baraka")    # Ondoa "Baraka"
majina.pop()               # Ondoa la mwisho
print(len(majina))         # Idadi ya vitu kwenye list

# Kuchambua (slicing)
namba = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print(namba[1:4])  # [20, 30, 40] (kutoka index 1 hadi 3)
print(namba[:3])   # [10, 20, 30] (mwanzo hadi index 2)
print(namba[::2])  # [10, 30, 50] (kila hatua 2)

7. Tuples na Dictionaries

Aina nyingine za kuhifadhi data

Tuple

Tuple ni kama list, lakini haiwezi kubadilishwa (immutable). Inatumia mabano ().

# Tuple
siku = ("Jumatatu", "Jumanne", "Jumatano")
print(siku[0])  # Jumatatu
# siku[0] = "Jumapili"  # Hii itatoa ERROR (tuple haiwezi kubadilishwa)

Dictionary (Kamusi)

Dictionary inahifadhi data kwa jozi za key: value. Inatumia mabano ya kawaida {}.

# Dictionary
mtu = {
    "jina": "Juma",
    "umri": 25,
    "kazi": "Programmer",
    "ndoa": False
}

print(mtu["jina"])    # Juma
print(mtu.get("umri"))  # 25 (njia salama zaidi)

# Kubadilisha na kuongeza
mtu["umri"] = 26
mtu["mji"] = "Dar es Salaam"

# Kupata keys na values zote
print(mtu.keys())    # dict_keys(['jina', 'umri', 'kazi', ...])
print(mtu.values())  # dict_values(['Juma', 26, ...])

# Loop kwenye dictionary
for key, value in mtu.items():
    print(f"{key}: {value}")

8. Conditionals (if/elif/else)

Kufanya maamuzi kwenye code yako

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: Mara nyingi unataka code yako ifanye kitu tofauti kulingana na hali. Hapa ndipo if inapoingia.

# if statement rahisi
umri = 18

if umri >= 18:
    print("Unaweza kupiga kura")
else:
    print("Bado ni mdogo")

# if/elif/else
alama = 85

if alama >= 80:
    daraja = "A"
elif alama >= 70:
    daraja = "B"
elif alama >= 60:
    daraja = "C"
elif alama >= 50:
    daraja = "D"
else:
    daraja = "F"

print(f"Daraja lako ni {daraja}")

# Logical operators (and, or, not)
joto = 30
ni_jua = True

if joto > 25 and ni_jua:
    print("Hali ya hewa ni nzuri!")

if joto > 35 or ni_jua:
    print("Angalau jua lipo")

# Comparison operators
x = 10
print(x == 10)   # True (sawa na)
print(x != 5)    # True (si sawa na)
print(x > 5)     # True (kubwa kuliko)
print(x < 20)    # True (ndogo kuliko)

9. Loops (for, while)

Kurudia jambo tena na tena

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: Loop inakuwezesha kurudia code mara nyingi bila kuiandika mara nyingi.

For Loop

# For loop kwenye list
majina = ["Juma", "Aisha", "Baraka"]
for jina in majina:
    print(f"Habari, {jina}!")

# For loop kwa namba (range)
for n in range(5):
    print(n)  # 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

for n in range(1, 6):
    print(n)  # 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

for n in range(0, 10, 2):
    print(n)  # 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

While Loop

# While loop — endelea mpaka hali ibadilike
hesabu = 0
while hesabu < 5:
    print(f"Kukimbia mara {hesabu + 1}")
    hesabu += 1  # Sawa na hesabu = hesabu + 1

# Break na Continue
for n in range(10):
    if n == 5:
        break      # Acha loop kabisa
    if n % 2 == 0:
        continue   # Ruka namba hii, endelea na inayofuata
    print(n)

10. Functions (Vitendakazi)

Panga code yako katika vitengo vinavyoweza kutumika tena

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: Function ni kipande cha code kinachofanya kazi maalum. Unaweza kukitumia tena na tena.

# Function rahisi
def salamu():
    print("Habari! Karibu kwenye Python!")

salamu()  # Piga / call function
salamu()  # Tena

# Function yenye parameter
def salamu_jina(jina):
    print(f"Habari {jina}! Karibu sana!")

salamu_jina("Juma")
salamu_jina("Aisha")

# Function yenye return value
def jumla(a, b):
    matokeo = a + b
    return matokeo

x = jumla(10, 5)
print(x)  # 15

# Function yenye default parameter
def power(namba, nguvu=2):
    return namba ** nguvu

print(power(4))     # 16 (4^2)
print(power(4, 3))  # 64 (4^3)

# Variable scope
x = 10  # Global variable

def ongeza():
    y = 5  # Local variable
    print(x + y)  # Inaweza kutumia x (global)

ongezza()
# print(y)  # Hii itatoa ERROR — y haipo nje ya function

11. Modules na Import

Tumia code iliyotengenezwa na wengine

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: Module ni faili la Python lenye functions, classes, na variables tayari kutumika.

# Import module yote
import math
print(math.pi)       # 3.141592653589793
print(math.sqrt(16))  # 4.0

# Import specific functions
from random import randint, choice
namba = randint(1, 100)  # Namba random kati ya 1 na 100
print(f"Namba yako: {namba}")

# Import na rename
import datetime as dt
sasa = dt.datetime.now()
print(sasa)  # 2026-06-15 14:30:00.123456

# Modules maarufu kwa beginners
import random  # Random namba na choices
import math    # Hesabu za kisayansi
import os      # Kufanya kazi na operating system
import json    # Kufanya kazi na JSON data

12. File Handling / Kusoma na Kuandika Faili

Hifadhi na soma data kutoka kwenye files

# Kuandika kwenye faili (writing)
with open("notes.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write("Hii ni note yangu ya kwanza!\n")
    f.write("Python ni nzuri sana.\n")

# Kusoma faili nzima (reading)
with open("notes.txt", "r") as f:
    content = f.read()
    print(content)

# Kusoma mstari kwa mstari
with open("notes.txt", "r") as f:
    for line in f:
        print(f"Line: {line.strip()}")

# Kuongeza kwenye faili (append)
with open("notes.txt", "a") as f:
    f.write("Hii ni note nyingine.\n")

# Error handling — kama faili haipo
try:
    with open("faili_haipo.txt", "r") as f:
        print(f.read())
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("Faili haipo! Unda kwanza.")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Kuna error: {e}")

13. OOP — Object-Oriented Programming

Programming yenye vitu / Classes na Objects

🇹🇿 Kiswahili: OOP ni mtindo wa programming unaotumia "vitu" (objects). Kila kitu kina sifa (attributes) na vitendo (methods).

# Kuunda Class
class Mwanafunzi:
    # Constructor — inaitwa object inapoundwa
    def __init__(self, jina, umri, darasa):
        self.jina = jina
        self.umri = umri
        self.darasa = darasa

    # Method
    def introduce(self):
        return f"Jina langu ni {self.jina}, nina miaka {self.umri}, darasa la {self.darasa}"

    def celebrate_birthday(self):
        self.umri += 1
        print(f"Hongera {self.jina}! Sasa una miaka {self.umri}")

# Kuunda object
mwanafunzi1 = Mwanafunzi("Juma", 20, "Form 4")
print(mwanafunzi1.introduce())
mwanafunzi1.celebrate_birthday()

# Inheritance (kurithi)
class Mwalimu(Mwanafunzi):
    def __init__(self, jina, umri, darasa, somo):
        super().__init__(jina, umri, darasa)
        self.somo = somo

    def introduce(self):
        return f"Mwalimu {self.jina}, ninafundisha {self.somo}"

mwalimu1 = Mwalimu("Baraka", 35, "Form 6", "Physics")
print(mwalimu1.introduce())

14. Simple Projects / Miradi Midogo

Weka maarifa yako kwenye majaribio

Project 1: Calculator rahisi

def calculator():
    print("=== CALCULATOR RAHISI ===")
    a = float(input("Ingiza namba ya kwanza: "))
    b = float(input("Ingiza namba ya pili: "))
    op = input("Chagua operation (+, -, *, /): ")

    if op == "+":
        print(f"Jumla: {a + b}")
    elif op == "-":
        print(f"Tofauti: {a - b}")
    elif op == "*":
        print(f"Zao: {a * b}")
    elif op == "/":
        if b != 0:
            print(f"Mgawo: {a / b}")
        else:
            print("Error: Kugawanya kwa 0 hairuhusiwi")
    else:
        print("Operation si sahihi")

calculator()

Project 2: Guess the Number

import random

def guess_game():
    secret = random.randint(1, 100)
    attempts = 0
    print("Nimechagua namba kati ya 1 na 100. Nadhani!")

    while True:
        guess = int(input("Nadhani: "))
        attempts += 1

        if guess < secret:
            print("Panda juu!")
        elif guess > secret:
            print("Shuka chini!")
        else:
            print(f"Hongera! Umeipata kwa majaribio {attempts}")
            break

guess_game()

Project 3: Todo List

def todo_app():
    tasks = []
    while True:
        print("\n1. Ongeza task")
        print("2. Onyesha tasks")
        print("3. Futa task")
        print("4. Exit")
        choice = input("Chagua: ")

        if choice == "1":
            task = input("Task gani? ")
            tasks.append(task)
            print("Task imeongezwa!")
        elif choice == "2":
            if tasks:
                for i, t in enumerate(tasks, 1):
                    print(f"{i}. {t}")
            else:
                print("Hakuna tasks")
        elif choice == "3":
            num = int(input("Namba ya task ya kufuta? "))
            if 1 <= num <= len(tasks):
                removed = tasks.pop(num - 1)
                print(f"'{removed}' imefutwa")
        elif choice == "4":
            break

todo_app()